2. (Bio)pirates
biopiracy: The practice of commercially exploiting naturally occurring biochemical or genetic material, especially by obtaining patents that restrict its future use, while failing to pay fair compensation to the community from which it originates.
Pregunta de Elección Múltiple
Caso práctico
Look at these expressions from the text. Guess the meaning from the context then check your answer.
a. One of the early cases that came to the forefront involved the Ayahuasca plant
b. ... a plant that the San people had used for centuries to stave off hunger while they were out hunting
c. it was presented as kind of a take-it-or-leave it offer , you know,at the end of the day
d. ...and that case was settled last year
e....so they participated in this research and it turned out that the researchers used their samples for other [purposes]
Conocimiento previo
One man's pirate ....
Britain is proud of its long naval history. However, some of its most famous sailors are considered pirates in other parts of the world. Sir Francis Drake, for one, was widely feted in England for helping to defeat the Spanish Armada in 1588 and as the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world. To the Spanish, however, he was a pirate, being directly responsible for the seizure of several Spanish treasure ships from the New World and the sacking of Spanish cities and colonies such as Cadiz. However, he carried with him Letters of Patent, authorisations from Queen Elizabeth I to wage war on the Spanish wherever he could.
Another infamous name is that of the Welshman Captain Henry Morgan, who was actually arrested for piracy by Elizabeth, and then promptly freed once war had broken out again with Spain. Morgan then took the Panamian city of Puerto Bello. Not only was his action not condemned, it was rather a cause for celebration in England and a street in London was named for the deed- Portobelo Road. Morgan was later named governor of Jamaica and died a wealthy man.
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Capture of Blackbeard Image by Jean Leon Gérome in Wikipedia . Public Domain |
But all would agree that Blackbeard (whose capture is told in the painting above) was probably at least the most infamous. Born Edward Teach in Bristol, England, he went on to become the most feared sea captain in the Caribbean. A shrewd and calculating leader, Teach spurned the use of force, relying instead on his fearsome image (he went into battle with 3 pistols, and lighted matches stuck in his hat) to elicit the response he desired from those he robbed.
Compound words revisited.
1. A compound word is a combination of two or more words that function as a single unit of meaning. There are three types of compounds:
a) Those written as single words, for example "haircut”;
b) Hyphenated compounds, such as "merry-go-round" and "well-being";
c)those written as two separate words like "pirate ship" and "oil well".
2. Compounds can function as different parts of speech. In such cases, the type of compound can change, too. For example,"show off," is an open compound as a verb but as a noun we use a hyphen (“show-off”)
3. If you don't know in which category a particular compound belongs, first try looking it up in the dictionary. You will see there that some compounds are hyphenated regardless of their function in a sentence. For example, "on-site" is a hyphenated compound when it functions as an adjective or as an adverb:
The team conducted on-site visits The team conducted its review on-site.
Sometimes the compound is not given in the dictionary. In such cases, we have to rely on guidelines provided by a style manual. Unfortunately, on this issue the rules are not simple and sometimes leave some room for a writer's own judgment.
One way to decide if a hyphen is necessary is to see if the phrase might be ambiguous without it. For example, in English-language learners (no hyphen), a reader might think we are talking about English people who are learning any language rather than people who are learners of the English language. On the other hand, no one is going to be confused by the phrase chocolate chip cookies.
4. We use the hyphen to join a word to a past participle to create a single adjective preceding the noun it modifies: a well-intentioned plan, for example, or a horseshoe-shaped bar. BNB: we do not hyphenate these same phrases when they follow the nouns they modify:
This is a government-mandated program. The program is government mandated.
She is a well-respected student. She is well respected as a teacher.
5. We never hyphenate compounds that are created with "-ly" adverbs, even when they precede the nouns they modify: a fully developed plan, for example, or a nationally certified teacher. Here are more examples:
We sent in heavily armed troops. The troops were heavily armed.
All newly employed nurses must be evaluated regularly. All the nurses on the eighth floor are newly employed.
Adapted from: http://www.getitwriteonline.com/archive/042703compwdshyph.htm
Reflexión
Can you spot any errors in the use of compounds in the following sentences?
1. The war in Iraq has been a closely-monitored media event.
2. The Department of Transportation maintains rights-of-way alongside all roadways.
3. Follow up activities have been scheduled for June and July.
4. We must follow up on these changes.
5. Long term planning must be an essential goal of this company.
6. The committee centres all of its recommendations on performance based standards.
Word stress in compound words.
Some compound nouns have the main stress on the first part and others have the main stress on the second part.
The following types of compound noun usually have the main stress on the first part:
noun + noun
- arms race
- fire extinguisher
- night-time
- lipstick
- newspaper
- airport
Exceptions: information technology, town hall, family doctor.
Notice, however, that if the first part gives the material that the second part is made out of, the main stress usually goes on the second part.
Compare: cotton wool but: a cotton plant
Exceptions are most compounds ending with -cake, -bread and -juice: cheesecake, gingerbread, orange juice
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noun + -ing form
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-ing form + noun
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verb + noun
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| Exceptions: pedestrian crossing, thanksgiving | Exceptions: managing director, defining moment |
Most adjective + noun compound nouns have the main stress on the second part and the secondary stress on the first part:
- social security
- hot potato
Exceptions: blind spot, dental floss, easy chair, broadband, greenhouse.
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adjective + -ing form
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past participle + noun
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Where is the main stress on these words from the texts?
social network cyber criminal cloud storage phishing scam website
If you said the first word in each (and web in website), you're right!
Now, listen and look:
Compounds nouns. Listening.
Video by Learn English with Emma [EngVid] in Youtube